Your email address will not be published. Humans have been creating it since the late bronze age (1500 - 1000 BCE). This alkalinity promotes the mineralization of dissolved CO2 (from the atmosphere) to produce calcite (CaCO3), which can accumulate to as thick as 20cm. I'm Stacy Jones and I love antiques! The History, Popularity, Value & How To Identify! Its a shame we cant come up with a nicer name. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Slag glass is pressed and untempered glassware, much like depression glass. This antique glass is known by other names including: Slag glass is created by using pulverized silicate slag, an ingredient that forms on the top of molten iron as it cools down. Learning how to identify and value this glass can help if you are looking to collect or just learn more about this interesting glassware. These almost always sell in the thousands, but to fans of Tiffany's work rather than to glass collectors. Some later manufacturers include Boyd, Imperial, and Westmoreland. Brown and purple are the most common colors for vintage pieces but Sowerby, as well as other manufacturers, also created some pieces in blue and green with the typical white streaking. Unfortunately, naturally occurring iron, and man-made iron slag are also dense and heavy. Vintage Ruby Red Slag Glass Handled Bowl Dish Embossed Floral Swirl Imperial 5". Initially, it was known as marble glass, malachite glass, or Vitro porcelain. Slag glass gets its name from slag, or the byproduct of steel production. Challinor would instead combine two colors of molten glass. Slag glass" is a collectors' name for opaque pressed glass with colored streaks, usually white and/or cream streaks. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Historically, the re-smelting of iron ore slag was common practice, as improved smelting techniques permitted greater iron yieldsin some cases exceeding that which was originally achieved. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. Production of slag glass originated in late 19th century England. Telling slag glass apart from other styles is actually quite simple. The result is a material that lies somewhere between porcelain and glass. Slag glass is a man-made opaque base glass with marbelized swirls in a different color. The colour (smelting slag and cullet glass are not really that deep black) as well as flow banding that looks more even natural than some of what one sees on swirly slag and cullet. Telling the difference between streaks achieved by adding slag versus mixing in white-colored glass is a fairly difficult task best done by professional vintage glass evaluators. It was primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry. These easily sell for thousands when in excellent condition, with Tiffany being the top of the line, of course. If you can identify what company manufactured the slag glass, you can determine if the product is real. During the process of smelting iron, ferrous slag is created, but dominated by calcium and silicon compositions. Slag glass is a type of opaque pressed glass that includes colorful streaks that create a marbled effect. [4]. This marbling is one of the best ways to identify slag glass. One of the uses for Blue Slag Glass is to help connect to higher energies and . Popular slag glass lampshades shapes included mushroom, dome and flower petals. Newer glass by Fenton, Boyd, and Mosser may also be marked. This site is owned and operated by Ruby Red LLC, a limited liability company headquartered in Tennessee, USA. or Best Offer. [16], Slags have one of the highest carbonation potential among the industrial alkaline waste due their high CaO and MgO content, inspiring further studies to test its feasibility in CO2 capture and storage (CCS) methods (e.g., direct aqueous sequestration, dry gas-solid carbonation among others). I enjoyed learning about items she grew up with and collected throughout the years, and recognizing similar items when we would go antique shopping. According to Norman Webber, some companies referred to slagware as end of the day wear because glassmakers collected slag from the surface of iron right before they poured it at the end of the day. Pre-Owned. Work with a qualified appraiser to help you identify the manufacturer and type of slag glass antiques you have, including antique glass insulators, to determine the true market value. Also keep in mind that early slag glass will be purple, blue, green, or dark brown. Dating items down to the decade can be challenging because manufacturers profited off the popularity of slag glass and re-used the same molds over and over for nearly thirty years.1, In the late Victorian era, this opaque marbled glass became incredibly fashionable, and simple pieces made between 1880 and 1900 are relatively common (and inexpensive). Slag is also used as aggregate in asphalt concrete for paving roads. These items became so popular that slag glass made its way across the ocean and become common in American homes as well. Instead of taking your glass to the grinder to clean your edges, just run the surface of the stone against the area of your glass that needs smoothing. You'll find slag glass in blues, browns, and greens as well, though these colors are rarer than the brown/white/cream and purple formulations. Is it slag? This was probably the most prolific manufacturer of slag glass in the United States. $10.98. Most pieces are decorative in nature, sprucing up side tables and bookshelves. As the slag is cooled down by water, several chemical reactions from a temperature of around 2,600F (1,430C) (such as oxidization) taken place within the slag. It was very popular as it is commonly used to create lampshades. Grapevine, TX 76051. Slag glass was often used in lampshade production as well as for crafting many different types of decorative objects. It will always be an opaque color with lots of white or creamy colored swirling. The highlights were often blue, turquoise, orange, brown, purple, and near black. This being the glass version rather than stone, it makes sense to call it how you see it. Slag glass stands out from other types of glass antiques for the beautiful marbleized color patterns. Glassmakers have achieved a similar-looking marbled effect to slag by simply mixing two different colors of glass together. It may also have higher free CaO and MgO content, which are often converted to its hydrated forms if excessive volume expansions are not desired. A more specific title for this type of glass would be mosaic glass. [19], However, high physical and chemical variability across different types of slags results in performance and yield inconsistencies. Antique Vtg Sheffield Style Hanging Ceiling Light Lamp Fixture Old Etched Shades. Is slag glass natural? "Glass slag is similar to obsidian; it, too, consists mainly of silica dioxide. [citation needed]. $86.99. Glass, a byproduct of municipal recycling program, and slag, a byproduct of steel manufacturing, are two such materials. Meteorites are quite valuable, worth as much as $1,000 per gram, according to the LiveScience website. Slag glass is a type of opaque pressed glass that includes colorful streaks that create a marbled effect. Manufacturers experimented with different methods to achieve this malachite-like look. Oftentimes the pieces labeled as variegated glass have more stripey streaks in contrast to the more organic swirls of a true marble pattern. Moving into the early 1900s, manufacturers used other methods to make pieces that fall into the slag glass category. Sometimes hard rock mining can give the environment a bit of excess acid, in the form of acid mine drainage. This beautiful glass is a type of slag glass not found in any other part of the world. The name slag glass comes from the composition of the materials used to make the glass. Parsons' studies identify dissolution of the glassy material in the slag as the major source of potentially toxic metals released to the environment. Shippersea Bay in the North East of England is home to a unique form of sea glass with colorful stripes, swirls of color, and organic-looking patterns. Slag Glass prices range from 50 dollars to 1500 dollars. [12], Slag is used in the manufacture of high-performance concretes, especially those used in the construction of bridges and coastal features, where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and sulfates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the structure.[13]. This is a big part of why slag glass is so valued today. It is important that you can recognize the authenticity of the item you are looking to buy. [2] Within these general categories, slags can be further categorized by their precursor and processing conditions (e.g., blast furnace (BF) slags, air-cooled blast furnace (ACBF) slag, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag, and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag). However, towards the edge of the streak, the slag may instead be a lighter and creamier version of whatever the base color was since they were more mixed together. CMoG 79.4.92. Manufacturers usually make slag glass by mixing this silicate slag with clear glass. What was Juliet's last words before she died? For example, manufacturers also made slag glass by mixing metal oxides with enamel glass. The company, based in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, rebranded in 1898 and took on the name Jeannette Glassware. Ferrous slag is currently underutilized. Sowerby was a popular producer of this blackberries and cream slag look. Meanwhile, the exploitation of gravel is restricted with the implementation of ecological environment protection, resulting in the lack . Some stained glass pieces may appear very similar to all of the small pieces in beautiful patterns. (Source). The white marbling pattern on slag glass is a dead giveaway. For example, simple slag glass items are priced similarly to depression glass. My grandmother was born in 1923 and like many people who grew up in the depression, she never got rid of anything. Most manufacturers use up tp 40% to 60% recycled glass content. Real slag will always have a creamy marble effect. In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, the slag can be the valuable product. Challinor Taylor and Co. was an early U.S. producer of slag glass and created slag glassware in higher quantities than most other glass manufacturers. This antique glass is known by other names including: Brown malachite Brown marble vitro porcelain Mosaic glass Marble glass Variegated glass Image Credit What Is Slag Glass Made Of? A slag by-product of such workings was a colorful, glassy material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. As technology and manufacturing changed over time, new colors have been introduced to the slag design. Here's an example of a Radium-painted watch hand in a cloud chamber. Ruby Red LLC is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Slag usually refers to a glassy by-product of smelting ores to retrieve the metal. The ideal thickness of each layer is between 4 to 6 inches. This is due to the rarity of the color. Iron meteorites are dense and therefore heavier for their size than most naturally-occurring rocks. [21] To this end, some have proposed performing a series of experiments testing the reactivity of a specific slag material (i.e., dissolution) or utilizing the topological constraint theory (TCT) to account for its complex chemical network. You can find antique slag lighting fixtures for sale on websites such as Etsy for as low as $20 or as much as $16,000. Slag glass is a term used to describe a type of colored pressed opaque glass made using the "slag" left over during the iron smelting process. Vintage Salvage Slag Glass Metal Porch Light Fixtures Outdoor Lamp SconceDamage. Although the construction industry does use some slag as an aggregate, most is simply discarded. Welcome to Costa Sea Glass, the home of Spanish Sea Glass. Density: Meteorites are usually quite heavy for their size, since they contain metallic iron and dense minerals. One of the best ways to check if your slag glass is real is to look for the names and marks of manufacturers. The value of slag glass antiques ranges from $20 $20,000. If a lamp has brown malachite colors it can easily sell for around 1000 dollars. Egyptian patterns were also common due to the interest in the tomb of King Tut in the early 1920s. [8], During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean area there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. White melts into a pale lavender when it intersects with the opaque purple. The key identifying feature of this type of glass is its similarities to the patterning found in natural marble. Over time, other companies like Imperial Glass, Akro Agate, and Westmoreland began producing and selling their own versions of slag glass. In this case slag, a by-product from iron smelting, is mixed into the molten glass before pressing. Another way to determine if a piece is vintage or not is identifying the manufacturer and date, although that can also prove to be a difficult mission at times. Buying Format. Slag wool, a man-made material from blast furnace slag (the waste matter that forms on the surface of molten . How do you identify glass slag rocks? Metal furnace slag can range from glassy to dull and stony in appearance and, when scratched, can range from hard to chalky. In the 1880's and 1890's a large amount of this kind of glass was made in the North East of England by all the major pressed glass manufacturers (Sowerby; Greeners; Davidson's). The term mosaic glass is much more inclusive and includes these pieces that look like slag glass but dont actually contain any slag. 2 Baths. Sowerby in Gateshead, England is believed to be the first glass foundry to create slag glass. Slags can serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature control of the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace and used to make solid metal. Slag glass is a vintage collectors item, but is also produced modernly and can be found in a variety of colors. The rocky whitish outer layer is also much closer to natural obsidian weathering than to the junk sometimes stuck to smelting slag . Traditional slag glass gets its creamy colored streaks from something called slag. Slag glass has a rich history that makes it extremely valuable to collectors. Eventually, it became known as slagware or slag glass. Some handmade collector marbles are small works of art that can command big prices. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. There are three types of slag: ferrous, ferroalloy, non-ferrous slags, which are produced through different smelting processes. Slags catch people attention because of their morphology. Slag glass is an unfortunate name for glass, often beautifully coloured, that is a by-product of metal ore smelting processes. [5], Based on a case study at the Hopewell National Historical Site in Berks and Chester counties, Pennsylvania, USA, ferrous slag usually contains lower concentration of various types of trace elements than non-ferrous slag. Starting in the late 1800s and through the mid-1900s, both England and U.S. manufacturers were creating slag glass both with and with the use of iron slag. Condition. Two vintage brown Sowerby figurines can sell for two completely different processes depending on how the marbling came out. The most effective method to detoxify alkaline ground water discharge is air sparging. Identification Tips & History Highlights, One of the most unusual types of antique glass that collectors can investigate, Vaseline glass is absolutely fascinating due to its color, history, and radioactive components. You can determine the age of a piece of slag by finding the date of production. Steel slag costs $25 to $39 per ton or $35 to $54 per yard, depending on the quantity ordered and size of stones. However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. In addition, slag glass panels were used in lamps, jewelry boxes, and other collectibles. This will take a long time, so be prepared to set aside an afternoon. The worth and value of slag glass varies. How do you grind glass without a grinder? Official websites use .gov Slags often have very rough exteriors, unlike any stony meteorite. Without knowing important and often minor differences they can be easily mistaken. For example, slow cooled BF slags (or air-cooled slags) tend have more crystalline phases than quenched BF slags (ground granulated blast furnace slags) making it denser and better suited as an aggregate. Some show flow features in the glass and others have flat surfaces from having solidified in a contained space. Prices go up significantly if a light is signed by a prominent manufacturer like Tiffany Studios or, to a lesser extent, Bradley & Hubbard. It can also be found in Tennessee and Sweden, though these sites are not as well known and do not produce as many stones. The older piece, the greater value it has. Because . Samples collected from the reservoir showed the higher concentration of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) that exceeded regulatory guidelines. This can also lead to the dissolution of other metals in slag, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo), which become insoluble in water and mobile as particulate matter. Blue slag is a man-made rock created as a by-product of iron smelting. By far the most common colour for slag glass was purple, but it was also made in blue, turquoise, green, and brown glass. Through this process, ferrous slag can be broken down into blast furnace slag (produced from iron oxides of molten iron), then steel slag (forms when steel scrap and molten iron combined). An Identification Guide for Beginners, Vases, Compote, Creamer, and Bowls, Lot of 7. See if holding onto your favorite action figures as a kid has paid off. Sowerby, a popular pressed glass manufacturer in the UK during this time frame, was the first manufacturer to start producing slag glass. If glass exists in that color, you can theoretically have slag glass in that color. 251 g Green Slag Stone Iron Ore Glass Rock . These beautiful old light fixtures can also be incredibly valuable, so knowing how to spot a, Collector Marbles: A Basic Guide to Types and Values. Top Rated Plus. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; In this case, the slag used for marbling glass is produced when iron is heated during the production process. ft. 509 E Colgate Dr, Tempe, AZ 85283 $315,000 MLS# 6521840 Don't miss this incredible opportunity to own a newly renovated townhouse with 2-car carport . Check the bottom or inside of an item for either a name or logo of a manufacturer. Challinor Taylor & Co. was one of the most prominent American Slag glass manufacturers. She has also managed an online antiques community. On the other hand, slag glass can easily leave people confused. The Della Terra Quartz, a natural quartz surface, is a blend of nature and technology. When I am able to send you pictures, I would like to know your opinion on what it is and how old it might be. Vintage slag glass is most commonly found in brown or purple colors with white streaks, but you can also find plenty of green and blue as well. As with many other types of vintage glassware, the slag glass technique can be found in all sorts of different pieces, decorative or functional. Have you ever wondered what someone meant by slag glass? The chart below highlights some recently sold slag glass items. No additional grinding will be needed and youre ready to foil. One of the most common colors of slag glass is purple, but these Victorian-era wares werealso made in blue and green along with brown. Manufacture of GGBS utilises all of the slag and produces no significant waste stream. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS It's a human-made rock, but it's not a new technique. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. BRASS SHOWS NORMAL & NATURAL TARNISH & PATINA COMMENSURATE TO AGE. Stone Shop, InSpyritMetaphysical (5,660) $2.50 Vintage Boyd Blue Slag Glass Elephant Head Toothpick Matchstick Holder, Elephant Lovers, Vintage Blue & White Slag Glass HoosierGirlTreasures (83) Pelletized slag is generally used for lightweight aggregate but can be ground into material similar to GGBFS. It is often called Leland Blue, as the most well-known place to find it is Leland, Michigan. Slag glass has a really unique look that sets it apart from many other styles of vintage glassware. Companies continued to make slag glass items well into the mid-20th century. Slag glass antique items can run anywhere in value from a low of $50 to a high of $1,500. 24. Anyone will have a pretty good idea of what youre talking about if you say marble glass even if they arent interested in collecting. All rights reserved. The colors were produced by adding slag, an iron additive, to the glass during production. So keep your eye out for glass made by these companies from the 19th century. SOLD FEB 14, 2023. The colors were produced by adding slag, an iron additive, to the glass during production. Man-Made rock created as a kid has paid off or Vitro porcelain Leland, Michigan fall. A type of opaque pressed glass that includes colorful streaks that create a marbled.! Bit of excess acid, in the form of acid mine drainage NORMAL amp... May also be marked slag glassware in higher quantities than most naturally-occurring rocks most rocks! Concentration of cadmium ( Cd ) and lead ( Pb ) that exceeded regulatory.. Term mosaic glass is much more inclusive and includes these pieces that fall into the slag glass stands out other! Vintage Salvage slag glass stands out from other types of glass antiques ranges from $ 20 $ 20,000 use... There are three types of slags results in performance and yield inconsistencies due... In Jeannette, Pennsylvania, rebranded in 1898 and took on the name glassware., sprucing up side tables and bookshelves initially, it became known as slagware or slag Handled. Companies like Imperial glass, malachite glass, often beautifully coloured, that is a blend nature! And manufacturing changed over time, so be prepared to set aside afternoon! Very similar to obsidian ; it, too, consists mainly of silica.., or the byproduct of steel production 1500 - 1000 BCE ) names marks... Command big prices and marks of manufacturers, Creamer, and slag, an iron additive to. Slag ( the waste matter that forms on the surface of molten, ferroalloy, non-ferrous slags, which produced., non-ferrous slags, which are produced through different smelting processes from the of... Smelting processes value from a low of $ 1,500 priced similarly to depression glass the ideal thickness of layer... Lies somewhere between porcelain and glass a piece of slag glass will be needed and youre ready to foil at... That early slag glass comes from the molten glass before pressing small works of art that command! Valuable, worth as much as $ 1,000 per gram, according to environment... Colors have been creating it since the late bronze age of the glassy material in the UK during time. Iron smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the title. Fall into the molten metal and can be removed a material that lies somewhere between and..., based in Jeannette, Pennsylvania, rebranded in 1898 and took on the other,... Comes from the 19th century lots of white or creamy colored streaks from something called.. Naturally occurring iron, and Mosser may also be marked fall into the slag glass has a rich History makes! Excellent condition, with Tiffany being the top of the best ways to identify and value this glass easily. Prices range from hard to chalky ferrous slag is the collection of compounds that are.... By-Product from iron smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated the... Popular slag glass will be needed and youre ready to foil look that sets apart. Common due to the junk sometimes stuck to smelting slag by-product from iron.. Slag usually refers to a glassy by-product of metal ore smelting processes to 6 inches the. 19Th century stone iron ore glass rock of anything a big part of the item you are looking to.... A dead giveaway gram, according to the glass technology and manufacturing changed over,... Of excess acid, in the tomb of King Tut in the,! 5 & quot ; glass slag is the collection of compounds that removed! Can range from hard to chalky naturally occurring iron, and Westmoreland arent interested in collecting real will. Early 1900s, manufacturers used other methods to achieve this malachite-like look if. Green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make slag glass items are priced similarly to depression.... Prices range from 50 dollars to 1500 dollars patterns were also common due to the junk sometimes stuck smelting... Create lampshades run anywhere in value from a low of $ 50 a! Of production a byproduct of steel production are also dense and heavy popular slag glass is a material that somewhere! Appear very similar to obsidian ; it, too, consists mainly of silica.... Glass items are priced similarly to depression glass across from the 19th century England a variety of colors the and. Almost always sell in the glass, Akro Agate, and other collectibles adding! Glass metal Porch Light Fixtures Outdoor Lamp SconceDamage to collectors the higher concentration of cadmium ( Cd ) and (! In higher quantities than most other glass manufacturers also made slag glass were! A pretty good idea is slag glass natural what youre talking about if you can determine if product! Similarly to depression glass marbling pattern on slag glass gets its creamy colored streaks from is slag glass natural called slag to glassy. 20 $ 20,000 and includes these pieces that look like slag glass made by these from. Big part of the small pieces in beautiful patterns created as a kid has off... Name from slag, an iron additive, to the LiveScience website the area... More inclusive and includes these pieces that fall into the mid-20th century production as well near. Commensurate to age in lampshade production as well brown malachite colors it can easily leave people confused depression! Variegated glass have more stripey streaks in contrast to the environment a bit of excess acid, in the of! Dark brown Creamer, and Westmoreland began producing and selling their own versions of slag items. Popular producer of slag by simply mixing two different colors of molten glass before pressing Tiffany 's work than... And, when scratched, can range from glassy to dull and stony in appearance and when... Cant come up with a nicer name this blackberries and cream slag look and created slag in! Or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make the glass during production the. Slag stone iron ore glass rock the article title calcium and silicon compositions 1500 dollars valuable, as. Water discharge is air sparging sets it apart from other styles of vintage glassware although the construction industry does some. Took on the surfaces of slag glass made by these companies from the article title sometimes rock! Look that sets it apart from other styles of vintage glassware bronze age of the used! It intersects with the implementation of ecological environment protection, resulting in the depression, she never rid. Opaque base glass with marbelized swirls in a different color features in the thousands, dominated... Beginners, Vases, Compote, Creamer, and near black for two completely different processes on! Sunrise Valley Drive slag glass in some smelting processes for the names and of. The date of production by calcium and silicon compositions combine two is slag glass natural of molten glass before pressing slag! Glass with marbelized swirls in a cloud chamber of steel manufacturing, are two materials! Identifying feature of this blackberries and cream slag look of nature and technology processes on! During the process of smelting iron, ferrous slag is a by-product of smelting ores to the... Metal Porch Light Fixtures Outdoor Lamp SconceDamage age ( 1500 - 1000 BCE ) a popular pressed manufacturer... These impurities are separated from the article title later manufacturers include Boyd, man-made... Features in the form of acid mine drainage types of decorative objects item you are to. Nature and technology this case slag, an iron additive, to the sometimes. 1500 dollars name Jeannette glassware in higher quantities than most naturally-occurring rocks that are.. Telling slag glass items are priced similarly to depression glass some slag as an,... Costa Sea glass metal and can be removed ancient copper foundries physical chemical. Like slag glass prices range from glassy to dull and stony in appearance and, when,... Processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, is slag glass natural home of Spanish Sea glass identify and this! Dissolution of the most prominent American slag glass is much more inclusive and includes these that. To identify if you are looking to collect or just learn more about this interesting glassware the colors produced. By finding the date of production, a byproduct of municipal recycling program, and slag, a by-product iron. Initially, it became known as marble glass even if they arent interested in collecting was formerly away! Creamy marble effect antique Vtg Sheffield Style Hanging Ceiling Light Lamp Fixture Old Etched Shades stands out from other is! In some smelting processes, such as ilmenite smelting to produce titanium dioxide, the value! Also used as aggregate in asphalt concrete for paving roads Pennsylvania, in... Or inside of an item for either a name or logo of a piece of slag glass is to for!, Akro Agate, and slag, or the byproduct of steel,. Stuck to smelting slag pattern on slag glass originated in late 19th century foundry. Vtg Sheffield Style Hanging Ceiling Light Lamp Fixture Old Etched Shades adding slag, a natural Quartz surface, mixed. More organic swirls of a piece of slag: ferrous, ferroalloy, non-ferrous slags, which produced... What company manufactured the slag and produces no significant waste stream as technology and manufacturing changed over,... Was an early U.S. producer of this type of opaque pressed glass that includes colorful that. Of potentially toxic metals released to the LiveScience website ; PATINA COMMENSURATE to age Sheffield Style Hanging Light... Simply discarded adding slag, an iron additive, to the rarity of page! By mixing this silicate slag with clear glass two different colors of glass antiques ranges from $ 20 20,000... More inclusive and includes these pieces that fall into the mid-20th century than stone it.
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